INVASIVE CARDIOLOGY IN HEART TRANSPLANT PROGRAMME
FABIAN, J.

The heart transplantation is a clinical therapeutic method which
significantly improves quality and longevity in some of the
patients with severe and otherwise uncorrectable heart failure.
Success of the procedure depends on highly organized and
multidisciplinary medical cooperation. The paper presents an
overview of the main cardiological invasive techniques and their
role in heart transplantation programme. The presented analysis
is based in more than 10 years of the author's own experience
with heart transplantation in clinical medicine and on critical
analysis of the current publications on this topic. (Tab. 4, Fig.
7, Ref. 53.)
Key words: heart transplantation; invasive cardiology;
endomyocardial biopsy.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Ustav kardiovaskularnych chorob v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: Prof. MUDr. Juraj Fabian, DrSc.,
UKVCH, Partizanska 2, 813 26 Bratislava, Slovakia.

THE ROLE OF PINEAL GLAND IN CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS REGULATION
KRAL, A.

In the presented article we try to find a synthesis of the
current knowledge on circadian rhythms. We pick up the most
prominent oscillations in human physiology and review the current
knowledge on their regulation. Circadian oscillations in the
parameters of internal environment are driven by the pineal
gland. A biochemical pathway in the pineal transforms tryptophan
through serotonin to the final product - the indolamine
melatonin. Its plasma level is high at night and low during the
day. Melatonin, easily penetrating through biological barriers,
thus carries phase of day information to all peripheral tissues.
Light exposure of retina alters (via neural pathways connecting
retina to pineal gland) the amount of serotonin metabolized to
melatonin. This physiological mechanism of adjustment of the
endogenous clock to the solar day can be altered in some
circumstances, leading to pathologic symptoms. The best known
diseases caused by breakdown in circadian regulation are seasonal
affective disorders and jet-lag syndrome. (Fig. 2, Ref. 71.)
Key words: circadian rhythms; endogenous clock; melatonin;
serotonin; N-acetyltransferase; seasonal affective disorders;
depression; pineal gland; phototherapy; sleep; retinohypothalamic
tract; suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Ustav patologickej fyziologie LFUK v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: MUDr. Andrej Kral, LFUK, Sasinkova
4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.

PATHOGENESIS, PREVENTION AND DETECTION OF CARDIOTOXICITY OF
ANTHRACYCLINE CYTOSTATICS
MLADOSIEVICOVA, B., HULIN, I., KRCMERY Jr. V., PETRASOVA, H.,
KOLLAROVA, H.

Background: Anthracycline antibiotics represent a part of
therapeutic schemes in the treatment of a wide spectrum of malign
diseases. Precisely due to their cytostatic effectiveness they
are being applied in spite of the risk of cardiac invalidization
of patients. Cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines can lead to states
of life endanger, e.g. heart failure and fatal arrhythmias.
Consequences of cardiotoxicity can complicate and shorten the
lives of patients with formerly favourable prognosis of the
malign disease, and even of those that have been cured.
Objectives: The aim of the presented study was to provide
a review on current opinions concerning the pathophysiological
mechanisms of cardiotoxicity due to anthracycline antibiotics, as
well as the possibilities of cardiotoxicity prevention and
detection. The procedure of cardiac monitoring of anthracycline
effects is performed in order to detect the initial stage of
myocardial impairment which is on the level of microstructural
alterations. This requirement is mostly fulfilled by the invasive
method of endocardial biopsy. Also the noninvasive method of
high-resolution electrocardiography may represent a contribution
for detection of anatomical and consequently electrophysiological
abnormalities on the level of cardiomyocytes and interstice. We
decided to verify the usefulness of this method in the sense of
the ability to detect the risk of the cardiotoxicity origin
following anthracycline application.
Methods: We have repeatedly observed 20 hospitalized patients who
were treated by a combination of cytostatics containing
anthracycline antibiotics (duanorubicin, doxorubicin and
epirubicin). On the basis of high-resolution electrocardiography
we have analysed the ECG signal in regard to time, frequency and
time-frequency relation.
Results: In this study we present our initial experience with
this method in combination with electrocardiographic and
echocardiographic findings. In regard to the fact that the
observations were of short term character we interprete our
results of high-solution electrocardiography as being
preliminary. The analysis was performed on 4 illustrative cases
of patients who independent of the dosage, yielded distinct
responses toward the applied potentially cardiotoxic therapy.
Conclusions: We consider the high-resolution electrocardiography
in regard to its noninvasive character and low demand of time and
finance to represent a perspective method of cardiac monitoring
of the negative anthracycline effect. Not only ours but also the
first experience in the world confirm this presupposition. By
means of this method we have been able to detect initial
alterations due to already low cumulative doses of anthracyclines
(130 mg/m2 in a patient with ischemic heart disease and 260
mg/m2 in a patient with unimpaired myocardium prior to
treatment). Our results also confirm the fact that the problem of
cardiotoxicity must be necessarily strictly individualized. (Fig.
19, Ref. 80.)
Key words: anthracycline cytostatics; cardiotoxicity; cardiac
monitoring; frequency-domain analysis; high resolution
electrocardiography; late potentials; time-domain analysis.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Ustav patologickej fyziologie LFUK v Bratislave a Subkatedra
chemoterapie IVZ Narodneho onkologickeho ustavu v Bratislave

Address for correspondence: MUDr. Beata Mladosievicova, LFUK,
Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.

NK CELL ACTIVITY AND ASSOCIATION WITH HLA CLASS I ANTIGENS
TOTH, J., BUC, M., NIKS, M.

To contribute to the genetic regulation of NK cell cytotoxic
activity an association between HLA antigens and a level of
cytolysis of target cells (K-562) have been followed. By
investigating of NK cell cytotoxic activity in 183 HLA-typed
healthy persons it was found that high levels of cytolytic
function of NK cells were associated with the antigens of
HLA-B8, HLA-B27, HLA-B40, and HLA-B44 as well as the HLA-A2,-B12
phenotypes (in male only). It was also found that low NK cell
cytotoxic activity was significantly correlated with homozygosity
at HLA loci. These results suggest that HLA genes or genes linked
with them may control NK cell cytotoxic functions in man. The
authors have also suggested that above mentioned HLA-B antigens
might belong to the activating receptor family of NK cells. (Tab.
7, Ref. 48.)
Key words: NK cell activity; association with HLA antigens; HLA
homozygosity.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Imunologicky ustav LFUK v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: RNDr. Jozef Toth, CSc., LFUK,
Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.

LIPID AND PROOXIDATIVE-ANTIOXIDATIVE PARAMETERS IN BLOOD OF
VEGETERIANS
KRAJCOVICOVA-KUDLACKOVA, M., SIMONCIC, R., BABINSKA, K.,
ONDREICKA, R.,

The authors subdued 183 vegeterians to examination, the aim of
which was to judge the state of health and nutrition of the
vegetarian population. The examined group was composed of people
with their age ranging from 19--60 years, out of which 102 were
of younger (19--39 years) and 81 were of older age. Their average
period of vegetarian food consumption was 4.2 years. One third of
men and a half of women were lacto-vegetarians, the rest were
lacto-ovo-vegetarians. The results were compared with 160
nonvegetarians (64 of younger and 96 of older age). The detected
values of lipid parameters were evaluated as favourable for
vegetarians (low values of cholesterol, triacylglycerols,
atherogenic index, LDL-cholesterol, the share of HDL-cholesterol
was 28--33 % (vs 24--26 % in nonvegetarians) with values
converging to 1.4 mmol.l-1 -- i.e. reduced risk). Additional
favourable factors in prevention of atherosclerosis include the
absence of obesity in vegetarians and values of antisclerotic
active substances in blood (high values of vitamin C, in
comparison with nonvegetarians a significantly higher molar ratio
of vitamin E/cholesterol and vitamin E/triacylglycerols -- more
effective prevention against peroxidation of lipids). Vegetarian
mode of food consumption may be favourably evaluated regarding
prooxidative-antioxidative parameters which play an important
role in the process of atherogenesis, and carcinogenesis.
Significantly lower values of conjugated dienes in plasm of
vegetarians and vice versa high values of antioxidant substances
(vitamin C, vitamin E/lipid components, catalase activity) were
detected. A more pronounced system of detoxication in vegetarians
is important due to a possible risk of an increased intake of
xenogenous substances. (Tab. 3, Ref. 27.)
Key words: vegetarians; cholesterol; atherogenic index; vitamin
C; vitamin E; conjugated dienes of fatty acids; catalase.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Vyskumny ustav vyzivy v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: Ing. Marica Kudlackova, CSc.,
Vyskumny ustav vyzivy, Limbova 14, 833 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.

ADENOMAS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND INCREASE THE RISK OF RECURRENCE?
MALACEK, M., STENO, J.

Between 1989 and 1992 we operated 52 patients primarily due to
pituitary adenoma. The tumor growths were evaluated
microsurgically or histologically as invasive in 29 of them.
Radical adenomectomy was achieved in 65,5 % of patients with
invasive and in 91,3 % of patients with noninvasive pituitary
adenoma -- in 40 cases altogether.
Although it was possible to identify and preserve pituitary
tissue remnants in 23 cases, the real selectivity, confirmed by
biochemical testing, was finally achieved only in 16 of them.
Only one recurrence, 8 months after the radical nonselective
removal of nonfunctional extrasellar invasive adenoma occurred
during the median follow-up time of 2,61 years (minimal
follow-up time 1 year).
We have found out no significant differences in the recurrence
rates between invasive and noninvasive pituitary adenomas after
their radical selective and nonselective removal. We suppose that
nonselective radical adenomectomy is not neccessary to prevent
the recurrence of the invasive pituitary adenoma. (Tab. 7, Ref.
15.)
Key words: pituitary adenomas; invasiveness; adenomectomy; tumor
recurrence.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 94:

Neurochirurgicka klinika LFUK v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: MUDr. Martin Malacek,
Neurochirurgicka klinika LFUK, Dererova NsP, Limbova 5, 833 05
Bratislava, Slovakia.

CYTOGENETIC DIAGNOSIS OF TRISOMY 21 DURING PRENATAL PERIOD
ONDRUSSEKOVA, A., KALINA, I., LUKACIN, S., FIALOVA, B.

Background: Trisomy 21 is the most frequent chromosomal disorder
which is associated with advanced maternal age.
Objectives: The aim of our work was to examine the risk of
trisomy 21 occurence in a group of pregnant women subdued to
prenatal cytogenetic examination.
Methods: The examined group consisted of 1128 pregnant women. The
cells for cytogentic analysis were obtained by means of
transabdominal amniocentesis during the second trimester of
pregnancy. Cultivation of amniocytes lasted 15--20 days. The
chromosomes were stained by a conventional and G-striping method.
Results: Cytogenetic analyses have indicated that the aberrant
karyotype was present in 32 (2.82 %) out of 1128 fetuses. In
addition the results have confirmed that trisomy represented the
most frequent chromosomal aberration (60 %) detected by means of
prenatal cytogenetic diagnostic examinations and the risk of its
incidence increased exponentially in women who were older than
35 years of age.
Conclusions: The prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis represents
a significant role in the prevention of hereditary conditioned
chromosomal disorders. (Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref, 13.)
Key words: prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis; trisomy 21; Down`s
syndrome.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Ustav lekarskej biologie LF UPJS v Kosiciach, I.
gynekologicko-porodnicka klinika LF UPJS v Kosiciach a II.
gynekologicko-porodnicka klinika LF UPJS v Kosiciach
Address for correspondence: RNDr. Anna Ondrussekova, CSc., Ustav
lekarskej biologie LF UPJS, Trieda SNP 1, 040 66 Kosice,
Slovakia.

A NON-INVASIVE EXAMINATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION BY
MODEL OF BIOLOGICAL AGE
MICUDA, J.

In a group of 67 healthy persons (18--60yrs, mean 37 yrs, male
32, female 35) 77 parameters were investigated (9 physical, 6
bioche- mical, 3 from ECG, 14 polygraphic, 45 echocardiographic),
in 38, ones a signifficant correlation (Pearsonøs) with age was
found. Biological age or functional cardiovas. age (BA), was
calcula- ted using the following formulas:
1.BA=.23BMI+.11mBP-.43PTT+29.58CO/LVET-.4vPWT-.16FS+15.27h/r,
r=0.980. 2.BA1=.22mBP +.8AoR-.4vPWT-.19FS+.04iMLV, r=0.968. BMI
-- body mass index, mBP -- mean blood pressure in Torr, PTT --
pulse transmission time (CARi-AII in FCG) in ms, CO/LVET --
duration between C-O points in apexcardiogram in ms/left
ventricular ejection time (CARu-CARi in carotidogram) in ms
ratio, vPWT -- velocity of posterior wall thickness of left
ventricle in mm.s-1, FS -- fractional shortering in %, h/r --
2(enddiastolic posterior wall thickness of left ventricle in
mm)/enddiastolic diameter of left ventricle in mm ratio, AoR --
diameter of the aortic root (mm), iMVL -- index of massa of the
left ventricle mass. No significant correlation betwwen heart
rate and tests using in formula was found. We found "normal
biological age" or cardiovascular function in all groups. But the
signifficant differences bet- ween men and women in relative
biological age (ca 12 % using formula 1, 19 % using formula 2,
both p<0.001) were found. (Tab. 3, Ref. 23.)
Key words: cardiovascular apparatus; aging; markers of aging;
biological age; cardiac function.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Oddelenie funkcnej diagnostiky Zeleznicnej NsP v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: MUDr. Jan MICUDA, CSc., Zeleznicna
NsP, Sancova 110, 832 99 Bratislava, Slovakia.

OBSERVATION OF ANTITUSSIVE EFFECT OF THEOPHYLLINE
NEMCEKOVA, E., NOSALOVA, G., RYBAR, A.

Theophylline belongs to a group of medicaments used in asthma
therapy. It yields an antiinflammatory effect, reduces allergic
reactions, and in respiratory airways it improves the mucociliary
clearance and eminently dilates smooth muscles. Therefore, the
main aim of our interest is the mechanism of its effect on the
cough reflex. Cough was evoked by mechanical irritation in cats
with chronic tracheal cannula. It has been discovered that
theophylline, when dosed 10 mg per kg of body weight i.p.
achieved a more intensive effect than dextrometorphane, namely in
evaluation of cough parameters, but it had a lower suppressive
effect than codeine. (Fig. 3, Ref. 13.)
Key words: theophylline; cough reflex; cats; codeine;
dextrometorphane.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Ustav farmakologie JLF UK v Martine a Chemicky ustav SAV
v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: Ing. Elena Nemcekova, Ustav
farmakologie JLF UK, Sklabinska 26, 037 53 Martin, Slovakia.

RETRORECTAL AND PRESACRAL TUMOURS
HUTAN, M., ONDRIAS, F., SALAPA, M.

The group of patients with retrorectal and presacral tumours is
presented. Their clinical picture, CT examination, results of
biopsy and surgery treatment are analysed. The authors present
the recent procedures of diagnosis and therapy of tumours in this
location. (Fig. 7, Ref. 9.)
Key words: tumours retrorectal; tumours presacral; extirpation;
diagnostic of tumours; therapy of tumours; tumour.
Bratisl Lek Listy 95; 1994:

Chirurgicke oddelenie NsP Ruzinov v Bratislave
a Patologickoanatomicke oddelenie NsP Ruzinov v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: MUDr. Martin Hutan, CSc., Chirurgicke
oddelenie NsP Ruzinov, Ruzinovska 6, 826 06 Bratislava, Slovakia.

PSYCHOSOMATIC DISEASES IN DERMATOLOGY
OLVEDYOVA, J.

The presented work provides a review of literature dealing with
dermatoses (dermatitis atopica, eczemas, allergies, urticaria,
pruritus, etc.) from the psychosomatic point of view. The
presented work attracts attention to the association of psychical
state with the skin; it indicates the necessity to comprehend
each patient from the bio-psycho-social aspect and to take into
account the multifactorial etiopathogenesis of each disease. The
author recommends cooperation between dermatologists, clinical
psychologists and psychiatrists. The aim of the cooperation is to
supplement local therapy by psychotherapy in psychosomatic
disorders, and the field of psychodermatology by
psychopharmacology. (Fig. 1, Ref. 28.)
Key words: psychodermatology; skin allergies; dermatoses;
psychosomatic diseases; psychopharmacology.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Kozne oddelenie NsP v Malackach
Address for correspondence: MUDr. Jana Olvedyova, 9O8 75 Studienka 99, Slovakia.

-=-
Bratislava Medical Journal 95:1994, 10

"REDOX THERAPY" OF MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES BY MEANS OF COENZYME
Q10
GVOZDJAKOVA, A., KUCHARSKA, J., GVOZDJAK, J.

Background: The biochemical and genetic analysis served as the
basis for the definition of the following mitochondrial diseases
(mt diseases) and the diseases of the mitochondrial
deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA diseases): mitochondrial myopathy,
encephalomyopathy, and cardiomyopathy. The therapy of
mitochondrial diseases (in both practice and experiment) belongs
to the current trends of research.
Aim: The study does not present any new experimental results but
in their literary review the authors indicate: a) new trend in
biochemical studies of mitochondrial diseases, b) some current
knowledge on mtDNA diseases, c) the current trend of
mitochondrial disease "redox therapy" by CoQ10, d) significance
of the therapeutic task of CoQ10 in four experimental models of
the myocardial mitochondria impairment (by ageing, smoking,
alcohol, ischemia).
Significance for practice and research development: The authors
indicate a new perspective for the studies of mitochondrial
diseases (mt diseases) and the diseases of the mitochondrial
deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA diseases) and their therapy not only
under experimental conditions, but also in the blood and bioptic
samples of patients. (Tab. 3, Fig. 2, Ref. 43.)
Key words: mitochondrial disease; "redox" therapy; coenzyme Q;
myocardium; skeleton muscle; brain.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Farmakobiochemicke laboratorium LFUK v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: RNDr. Anna Gvozdjakova, DrSc.,
Farmakobiochemicke laboratorium LFUK, Hlboka 7, 811 05
Bratislava, Slovakia.

PULMONARY SURFACTANT FACTOR
CURRENT KNOWLEDGE, RESEARCH TRENDS, AND UTILIZATION IN CLINICAL
PRACTICE
JAVORKA, K., CALKOVSKA, A.

Investigation of the composition and significance of individual
components of the surfactant indicated that besides phospholipids
an important role is played also by surfactant proteins. They aid
not only the reduction of the surface tension of the lungs
(SP-N, SP-C), but serve also in regulation of surfactant
secretion (SP-A) and in local defense and immune responses in the
lungs (SP-A and SP-D). Impairments of surfactant were discovered
not only in RDS, but also in cases of meconium aspiration,
congenital diaphragmatic hernia, pneumonia, pulmonary edema,
idiopathic fibrosis of the lungs, alveolar proteinasis,
pneumothorax, and bronchial asthma.
Therapy by means of exogenous surfactant was proved effective in
therapy of RDS. Occasional cases of exogenous surfactant therapy
in other pulmonary diseases are auspicious, it is necessary,
though, to develop and produce a sufficient amount of exogenous
surfactant of high quality and at an acceptable price and to find
an optimal manner of surfactant administration into the lungs.
A significant perspective is anticipated to utilization of
intrapulmonary administration of the exogenous surfactant as
a porter of further active substances for local administration
into the lungs. (Ref. 36.)
Key words: pulmonary surfactant factor; surfactant proteins;
regulation of surfactant formation; surfactant therapy.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Ustav fyziologie JLF UK v Martine a Research Unit for
Experimental Perinatal Pathology, Department of Pathology
v Stockholme (Sweden)
Address for correspondence: Prof. MUDr. Kamil Javorka, DrSc.,
Ustav fyziologie JLF UK, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovensko.

BIOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL EXAMINATION OF THE LIVER DURING THE
THERAPY OF FAMILIAR HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA BY MEANS OF MEVACOR10
(LOVOSTATINE) AND VASOSAN S (CHOLESTYRAMINE)
KOLESAR, P., RASLOVA, K., ULICNA, O., KUPCOVA, V., MOJTO, V.

The aim of our study was the biochemical and functional
examination of the liver during the therapy of familiar
hyperlipoproteinemia by means of MevacorR (lovostatine) in
comparison with the treatment by Vasosan S (cholestyramine). We
examined 20 patients treated with a daily dose of MevacorR being
20--40 mg and, 18 patients treated with a daily dose of Vasosan
S being 16--32 g for the period of 12 weeks. During the therapy
the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol,
triacylglycerols, hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) activity,
functional test of the liver, biological half-time of antipyrine
(t 1/2 antipyrine) were investigated at the onset and at the end
of the study. We discovered that at the end of the treatments by
MevacorR and Vasosan S the hypolipidemic effect increased
(cholesterol p<<0.001, LDL cholesterol p<<0.001), and there was
difference in the effect on HDL-cholesterol and in that on
triacylglycerols. During the treatment we discovered that due to
both medicaments the liver enzymes activity increased to
a different extent. At the beginning of the study the antipyrine
biological half-time statistically increased in both investigated
groups, namely in comparison with the control group. At the end
of the treatments in both groups the antipyrine half-time was
prolonged, however not significantly. Prior to long-term therapy
by hypolipidemics the authors recommend biochemical and
functional examination of the liver. (Tab. 4, Fig. 8, Ref. 7.)
Key words: familiar hyperlipoproteinemia; hypolipidemics;
biochemical and functional examination of the liver; antipyrine
biological half-time.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

III. interna klinika LFUK a Farmakobiockemicke laboratorium LFUK
v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: Doc. MUDr. Pavol Kolesar, CSc., III.
interna klinika LFUK, Dererova NsP, Limbova 5, 833 05 Bratislava,
Slovakia.

THE CHANGES OF PLATELET AGGREGATION IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES
MELLITUS TYPE I
TISON, P., MOJTO, V., GREGOROVA, B.

The authors present the results of evaluation of platelet
aggregation by means of an automated system (on line detection of
platelet aggregation curves) in 80 patients with diabetes
mellitus type I. After global analysis no significant changes
were found between controls, patients without diabetic
nephropathy, and patients with incipient and clinically
manifested nephropathy. However, as a result of our data, the
area below the aggregatory curve is minimal in the group of
patients with clinically manifested diabetic nephropathy.
Additional changes of platelet aggregation were observed after
haring the followed set of patients divided into homogenous
subgroups according to their sex. The sensitivity of platelets
after induction by ADP was found to be lower in male diabetics
than in male controls. Likewise the area below the aggregatory
curve and the transmittance of absolute maximum of platelet
aggregation was lower in female diabetics than in female
controls. In both cases diabetic nephropathy could have
participated in platelet sensitivity changes. The authors'
findings in the followed group of patients when compared with the
described platelet hyperaggregability in diabetes approves the
possibility of the platelet aggregatory polymorphism being
present in these patients. With respect to these findings the
examination of the platelet aggregation and its general
parameters exactly justifies the usefulness of the
antiaggregatory therapy. (Fig. 4, Ref. 15.)
Key words: diabetes mellitus; platelet aggregation; diabetic
nephropathy.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

III. interna klinika LFUK v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: Doc. MUDr. Pavol Tison, CSc., III.
interna klinika LFUK, Dererova NsP, Limbova 5, 833 05 Bratislava,
Slovakia.

CHANGES IN THE SERUM CONCENTRATIONS OF CHOLESTEROL AND
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS IN THE RAT DURING POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS
PULLMANN, R., SAMEL, M., LAZAR, J., DOBIAS, J., BUKOVSKA, E.,
KOSKOVA, E.

In the serum of young normal rats during the first two months of
life the concentrations of triacylglycerols (TG) and of
cholesterol (CH) were determined. Low values in both studied
parameters found in newborn animals were followed by a marked
increase during the first week of life. In comparison with adult
animals high values remained during the first five weeks of life.
The results are discussed with regard to the high intake of
lipids by milk during the period of sucking, as well as from the
point of possible mobilization of tissue lipid stores because of
the similar trend in the ontogenetic expression of the gene
coding the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL).
On the basis of evaluation of the analytical as well as
biological variance it was found, that for the level of 50 % of
confidentiality the serum concentrations of cholesterol should be
in the range X½0.26 mmol/l. For the level of 95 % the range of
values is X½0.67 mmol/l.
It is suggested that these results could be used as reference
values for serum lipids in the rat during ontogenesis. (Fig. 1,
Ref. 21.)
Key words: cholesterol (CH); triacylglycerol (TG); ontogenesis;
rat.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Oddelenie klinickej biochemie Martinskej fakultnej nemocnice
a Ustav lekarskej biologie JLF UK v Martine
Address for correspondence: Doc. MUDr. RNDr. Rudolf Pullmann,
CSc., Oddelenie klinickej biochemie, MFN, Kollarova 2, 036 59
Martin, Slovakia.

THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC ACIDOSIS ON THE ACTIVITIES OF RENAL
GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE AND GABA-TRANSAMINASES
TURSKY, T., LASSANOVA, M., PAVLAKOVICOVA, K.

Chronic acidosis evoked by a 7-day application of ammonium
chloride in concentration of 2 % increased the activity of
glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) in renal homogenates of rats to
approximately 160 %. The enzyme activators, chlorides and
adenosine triphosphate influenced in varying messures the GAD
activity in renal homogenates of both controlled and acidotic
animals. Whilst ATP was gradually loosing the activating effect,
chlorides preserved it. The renal GAD is firmly bound on
insoluble structures. The increase in GAD activity due to
acidosis was accompanied by increasing permanence of this bind.
After the substitution of ammonium chloride by drinking water,
the return of the increased GAD activity to previous normal
values lasted 7 days, whilst apparent normalization of the weight
of experimental animals reooccurred on the first day.
Subfractionation of the crude renal mitochondrial fraction by use
of enzyme markers localized GAD in mitochondria. In renal
homogenates the activities of GABA-transaminases were assessed.
GABA-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase was 5x more active than
GABA-pyruvate transaminase. Acidosis resulted in augmentation of
both transaminases -- the first to 130 %, the second to 160 %.
(Tab. 5, Fig. 3, Ref. 25.)
Key words: chronic acidosis; kidney cortex; glutamate
decarboxylase; GABA-transaminases.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Ustav lekarskej chemie, biochemie a klinickej biochemie LFUK
v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: Prof. MUDr. Timotej Tursky, CSc.,
LFUK, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.

UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS AND SIDE-EFFECTS OF ANTIMYCOTICS
HEGYI, E., HEGYI, V.

The study lays emphasis on the significance and actuality of
infections, especially in coincidence with immunodeficient
states. Candidosis, mycotic diseases, system mycoses, and
onychomycoses represent the major problems of modern mycology.
They require usually a long-term therapy by means of highly
active anntimycotics. Consequently, an entire series of
undesirable side-effects supervene. External applications result
most frequently in contact eczemas and therefore often require
preventive epicutaneous tests. Oral administration results in
general hepatic, renal, hematologic and other impairments which
require the monitoring of the latter parameters during therapy.
Finally a considerable significance is ascribed to interaction
with other simultaneously applied antimycotics. (Tab. 1, Ref.
83.)
Key words: antimycotics; undesirable effects of antimycotics;
ide-effects of antimycotics.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Kozna klinika IVZ, NsP Ruzinov a Detska kozna klinika DFN
v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: Prof. MUDr. Eugen Hegyi, DrSc.,
Mickiewiczova 3, 811 07 Bratislava, Slovakia.

THE MEANING OF PROSTATIC MARKERS IN ORTHOLOGY OF FEMALE PROSTATE
ZAVIACIC, M., RUZICKOVA, M., JAKUBOVSKY, J., DANIHEL, L., BABAL,
P., BLAZEKOVA, J.

In addition to knowledge gained in the first half of the 8th
decade, the evidence of cross-antigenicity between male prostate
and Skene`s glands by means of PSA and PSAcP demonstrations in
Skene`s glands and ducts justifies utilization of the term
prostate in both sexes. The authors compared the results of
immunohistochemical examination of prostatic markers by means of
the PAP method which was used at the beginning of the 8th decade,
with that of BSAP technique. Prostatic tissues of 11 females and
children at the age ranging from 5 to 71 years were examined. The
results gained by means of the BSAP method were identical with
those gained by means of the PAP method. Prostatic PSA and PSAcP
markers were expressed on the cellular surface and in apical
cytoplasm of cells lining the prostatic ducts, and in prostatic
glands. The authors proved the expression also in membranes of
the stratified cylindrical epithelial cells of the ducts, and in
female prostatic fluid in ducts and glands, especially PSAcP.
Even though both immunohistochemical methods brought identical
results, the authors recommend to prefer the BSAP method to the
PAP method due to optically more contrast expression. (Fig. 8,
Ref. 36.)
Key words: prostatic markers; prostatic specific antigene (PSA);
prostatic specific acidic phosphatase (PSAcP);
peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method; biotin-streptavidin
alcalic phosphatase (BSAP) method; female prostate (Skene`s
paraurethral glands and ducts); norm; terminology.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Ustav patologickej anatomie LFUK v Bratislave a Ustav
patologickej anatomie FN v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: Prof. MUDr. Milan Zaviacic, DrSc.,
Ustav patologickej anatomie LFUK, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava,
Slovakia.

HUMAN SPLEEN IN IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
JAKUBOVSKY, J., ZAVIACIC, M., SCHNORRER, M., GERYK, B.

Idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP, AITP)
represents a relatively frequent impairment. It involves
a syndrome of various diseases with a shortened thrombocytes
survival caused by anti-platelet antibodies. The majority of
cases are of secondary character. Spleenectomy often evokes
a complete remission of thrombocytopenia. The study describes
morphologic findings in spleens of 30 patients with the clinical
diagnosis of ITP/AITP. The findings were gained by light
microscopy from formol-paraffin blocks and histochemical findings
from cryostat sections of non-fixed tissue. The alcalic and
acidic phosphatases, nonspecific esterase, chlorine acetate
esterase, and dipeptydilpeptidase IV were investigated
enzymohistochemically. Immunoglobulins were examined
immunohistochemically and T lymphocytes by means of monoclonal
antibodies. The affinity H/A -- Helix pomatia agglutinin, PHA --
phytohemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris, SBA -- soy-bean
agglutinin from Glycine max. and PSA -- peas bean agglutinin from
Pisum sativum were investigated by means of specific antilectin
antibodies. The human spleen during idiopathic thrombocytopenic
purpura accumulates neutrophilic polymorphonuclear granulocytes;
platelets stagnate and are destroyed. These processes can be
identified in histologic sections e.g. also by means of
anti-fibrinogen antibodies. The red pulp contains foam cells to
various extent. Besides generally known processes, the white pulp
also displays alterations in composition of cellular compartment
of the periarterial lymphatic sheaths. Human spleen distinguishes
modified blood platelets as alien corpuscles, and thus eliminates
them from the blood circulation system by its immunologic and
other mechanisms, the details of which still remain to be
clarified. (Fig. 6, Ref. 44.)
Key words: spleen; pathology; idiopathic thrombocytopenic
purpura; histochemistry; morphology; lectins.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Ustav patologickej anatomie LFUK v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: Doc. MUDr. Jan Jakubovsky, DrSc., UPA
LFUK, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.

THE EFFECT OF Ñ-AESCIN ON METABOLISM IN EXPERIMENTAL STEATOSIS OF
THE LIVER IN RATS
ULICNA, O., CIZOVA, M., VALACHOVA, A., BRIXOVA, E.

The aim of the study was to investigate the efeect of Ñ-aescin on
the selected indices of sugar and lipid metabolisms in blood and
hepatic tissue. The study was performed under the conditions of
toxic impairment of the liver caused by carbon tetrachloride or
hydrazinsulphate which were used in order to evoke experimentally
the steatosis of the liver. The study investigated whether
Ñ-aescin can cause deterioration of hepatic steatosis. Carbon
tetrachloride was administered to rats by stomach probe in dosis
of 2.5 ml per kg of body weight, or hydrazinsulphate in dosis of
2 mmol per kg of body weight, i.m.. Twenty-four hours after
administration of these two substances Ñ-aescin water solution
was administered in dosis of 10 mg per kg of body weight by means
of stomach probe. The analysis of blood and liver tissue samples
discovered that Ñ-aescin did not affect the metabolic indices,
steatosis of the liver did not become more profound. (Tab. 2,
Fig. 11, Ref. 23.) Key words: Ñ-aescin; Yellon; steatosis of the
liver.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Farmakobiochemicke laboratorium LFUK v Bratislave, III. interna
klinika LFUK v Bratislave a I. interna klinika LFUK v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: RNDr. Olga Ulicna, CSc.,
Farmakobiochemicke laboratorium LFUK, Hlboka 7, 811 05
Bratislava, Slovakia.

SHORT-TERM APPLICATION OF INCREASING DOSES OF THYROXINE HAS
DIFFERENT EFFECT ON SERUM LIPIDS IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS
PULLMANN, R., SAMEL, M., LAZAR, J., DOBIAS, J., BUKOVSKA, E.,
KOSKOVA, E.

The effects of short-term administration of thyroxine (T4) on
serum levels of cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerols
were studied on young adult rats. T4 was injected in three
different doses, i.e. 125, 250 and 500 Ýg for four days. The
results show significant sexual differences. T4 caused
a significant decrease in HDL-cholesterol levels in both sexes.
The concentration of cholesterol and triacylglycerol decresased
only in males, namely after injections of the highest dose of
T4. In females the T4 injections caused no effect in the
investigated parameters. It is concluded, that also in
short-term applications of hormones, the sex may significantly
change the results. Presented results support the latest views on
specific interrelationship between thyroid hormone and HDL in
comparison with other types of LP. (Tab. 2, Ref. 16.)
Key words: triacylglycerols; cholesterol; HDL-cholesterol;
thyroxine; sexual differences; rat.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Oddelenie klinickej biochemie MFN v Martine a Ustav lekarskej
biologie JLF UK v Martine
Address for correspondence: Doc. MUDr. RNDr. Rudolf Pullmann,
CSc., OKB MFN, Kollarova 2, 036 59 Martin, Slovakia.

LEGIONELLOSES IN SLOVAKIA
BAZOVSKA, S., SPALEKOVA, M.

According to the data of the Europian Work Group for
Legionelloses, the diseases still keep occurring sporadically in
small epidemies, namely in coincidence with the survival of
legionellas in the hot water pipes system. They manifest
themselves as nosocomial infections or diseases acquired in
coincidence with travelling. By including the laboratory
examination of this disease we would like to contribute to the
knowledge of this problem in Slovakia.
Ascertainment of anti-Legionella antibodies in the serum was
performed by means of microagglutination and indirect
immunofluorescence reaction. During the years 1985--1994
twenty-one sporadic diseases which yielded the clinical picture
of pneumonia, were diagnosed. Their etiology involved the
following species: L. pneumophila 4, 12, 3, 2, 1, L. bozemanii,
L. micdadei, and L. pneumophila 1. In spite of the general
statement that L.pneumophilla is involved in high proportion of
legionellosis cases, in our group of patients other serologic
groups of L.p. and other species of legionellas were involved.
Regarding the low yearly number of examinations it is possible to
assume neither the real actual incidence of legionellosses in our
country nor the particular involvement of individual Legionella
species in their etiology. The widening of diagnostic
examinations of this disease and an increased interest of
clinicians in clarification of the acute diseases etiologies
would conntribute to the knowledge of this problem. (Tab. 1, Ref.
15.)
Key words: legionelloses; pneumonia etiology.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Ustav epidemiologie LFUK v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: Doc. MUDr. Sylvia Bazovska, CSc.,
Ustav epidemiologie LFUK, Spitalska 24, 811 08 Bratislava,
Slovakia.

CT AND MR IMAGING IN STEREOTACTIC NEUROSURGERY
SRAMKA, M., RUZICKY, E.

The combination of CT and MR examinations indicates a specific
approach to the treatment of brain mass lesions. CT guided
stereotaxy is sufficient for well demarcated tumors, haemorrhages
and abscesses. MR guided stereotaxy is necessary to be performed
in invasively growing brain tumors where explicit histological
verification and localisation must be ascertained. In addition it
is necessary to take into accound the image deformation due to
the stereotactic ring. In functional neurosurgery the MR
examination visualises the anatomical structures which are needed
for the ascertainment of coordinate systems landmarks in
coordinate system. (Fig. 1, Tab. 1, Ref. 5.)
Key words: stereotactic neurosurgery; CT-stereotaxy;
MR-stereotaxy; tumors; biopsy; functional neurosurgery.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Oddelenie stereotaktickej a funkcnej neurochirurgie
Neurochirurgickej kliniky LFUK v Bratislave a Katedra pocitacovej
grafiky a spracovania obrazu MFF UK v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: Prof. MUDr. Miron Sramka, DrSc.,
Neurochirurgicka klinika LFUK Dererovej NsP, Limbova 5, 833 05
Bratislava, Slovakia.

CASES OF FAMILY EPIDEMIES OF TICK-BORN ENCEPHALITIS IN THE
CENTRAL PART OF POVAZIE
ZALUDKO, J., VRBOVA, O., HACHLINCOVA, R., KOHL, I., HUBALEK. Z.,
JURINCOVA, Z., KOZUCH, O., ELECKOVA, E., LABUDA, M.

The authors describe two cases of tick-born encephalitis family
epidemies in the natural focus of tick-born encephalits (TbE) in
the central part of Povazie in the district of Povazska Bystrica
in the years 1989 and 1993. The infection took place due to
consumption of raw goat milk. The best prevention against
tick-born encephalitis is represented by vaccination. (Tab. 4,
Ref. 6.)
Key words: tick-born encephalitis; alimentary transmission; goat
milk.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Infekcne oddelenie NsP v Povazskej Bystrici, Ustav hygieny
a epidemiologie v Povazskej Bystrici, Ustav ekologie krajiny AV
CR vo Valticiach a Oddelenie ekologie arbovirusov Virologickeho
ustavu SAV v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: MUDr. Jan Zaludko, Okruzna 1443/70,
020 01 Puchov, Slovakia.

VALIDITY OF BRIEF PSYCHIATRIC RATING SCALE
HOSCHL, C., KOZENY, J., HANZLICEK, L.

The internal structure and validity of terms used in the Brief
Psychiatric Rating Scale (Overall and Gorham, 1962) was tested.
The test processed the data which had been gained at the
acceptance examination of 1557 patients with the diagnosis
according to ICD-9 (schizophrenia simplex, schizophrenia
paranoides, schizoaffective disease depressive type,
schisoaffective disease manic type, manio-depressive disease
manic phase, manio-depressive disease depressive phase).
Threedimensional space defined by the method of
step-discrimination analysis provided a sufficient frame of
relations for the majority of diagnostic groups. Incomplete
component analysis justified the assumption of a relatively
stabile internal structure of the method.
The findings allow to recommend the Czech version of the scale
for the purpose of description of psychic impairments in
psychiatry. (Tab. 6, Fig. 2, Ref. 3.)
Key words: BPRS; rating scale; concept validity.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Psychiatricke centrum v Praze
Address for correspondence: Prof. MUDr. Cyril Hoschl, DrSc.,
Psychiatricke centrum, Ustavni 91, 181 03 Praha 8 -- Bohunice,
Ceska republika.

PEROXYSOMES I
PROPERTIES AND BIOGENESIS OF PEROXISOMES
CHANDOGA, J.

Many species of monocellular eukaryouts as well as the majority
of animal cell and plant tissues yield the presence of
peroxisomes or microperoxisomes. Their size, shape and internal
organization may differ in various cellular types significantly.
Typical components of animal cell peroxisomes are the membrane,
matrix, low density compartment enriched in proteins, and the
compartment containing D-aminoacid oxidase.
The group of four enzymes (catalase, D-aminoacid oxidase,
L-alpha-OH-aminoacids oxidase) the location of which had been
originally discovered in peroxisomes of hepatocytes of rodents
was later widened by approximately fourty further enzymes. It is
though probable that evolution brought along a reduction and loss
of various metabolic functions of peroxisomes and a decrease in
the number of enzymes. Peroxisomes are characterized by high
variability of the enzymatic content in dependence on the
nutrituional conditions and the effect of xenobiotics. Fasting,
diabetes mellitus, high-lipid diet, peroxisome proliferators
activate several peroxisomal enzymes, especially fatty acids
Beta-oxidation. The mechanism of the impact of heterogeneous
substances on the gene transcription has been clarified recently.
Substances as fibrates, retinic acid, poly-unsaturated acids
activate specific types of receptors -- PPAR (peroxisome
proliferators activated receptors) belonging to the superfamily
of receptors activated by steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and
D-vitamins. A simultaneous induction of several peroxisomal
enzymes can be achieved by the linkage between PPAR and specific
areas of promotors of particular genes. Such areas -- PPREs
(peoxisomal proliferator response elements) with five repeated
TGA(A/C/T)CT hexanucleotid sequences separated by one nucleotid
were discovered in several peroxisomal genes. It is assumed that
the stimulation of transcription can be acheieved by the linkage
between homodimers, and heterodimers of nuclear receptors and
these DNA sections.
The majority of peroxisomal proteins is synthetized in the
cytoplasm, namely on polysomes being in matured forms. Unimpaired
biogenesis of peroxisomes requires membrane transportile proteins
(PTS -- peroxisomal targeting signal). The function of PTS in
many paroxisomal proteins is fulfilled by the C-terminal
tripeptide which is composed of aminoacids, namely serine,
lysine, and leucine (SKL -- tripeptide), respectively by
a tripeptide with a very similar composition in aminoacids. Aside
from this signal, still another signal exists, which is located
at the end of the N-ending of peroxiosomal proteins. The role of
membrane proteins 70, 35, 256, 22, 15 kDa, is being discussed in
relationship to the functions and diseases caused by impaired
biogenesis of peroxisomes. (Fig. 4, Ref. 128.)
Key words: peroxisomes; microbodies; glyoxysomes; structure;
biogenesis; nuclear receptors; regulation; peroxisome
proliferators; targeting signals; membrane proteins.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Centrum lekarskej genetiky FN v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: Doc. MUDr. Jan Chandoga, CSc.,
Centrum lekarskej genetiky FN, Mickiewiczova 13, 813 69
Bratislava, Slovakia.

ALTERATIONS OF ECG-MAPS AFTER RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION
BERNADIC, M., HATALA, R., STEINBACH, K.K., TISLER, M., HULIN, I.

Background: The modern non-pharmacological therapy of the W-P-W
syndrome and some types of supraventricular tachycardia by means
of ablation is based on interruption, respectively blockage of
accessory pathways by radiofrequency energy. Destruction of
morphologic substrate can change the divection of the heart
activation.
Objectives: The study presnts the changes in the electrical field
using precordial isopotential and isointegral ecg-maps prior to
and following radiofrequency ablation in one female patient with
W-P-W syndrome and in second one with AV junction tachycardia.
Ecg-mapping is performed to achieve approximation toward 1.
topographic diagnosis of the impairment prior to ablation, and
2. objectivization of the therapeutical results after the
ablation. We present our initial experience with evaluation of
ablation therapy and its impact on the electric field of the
heart.
Methods: 5 patients with rhythm disturbances were examined before
and after ablation. The examination consists the 12-lead ecg,
orthogonal vectorocardiogram according to Frank and precordial
ecg-maps by means of a regular 80-electrodes-lead system (Cardiag
128.1). The examination was completed by registration of late
high-resolution ECG. The selection of patients for ablation
therapy, invasive electrophysiological examinations and
dispensarization are performed in UKVCH Bratislava. Ablation
therapy is being performed in Wilhelminenspital in Vienna.
Results: The ablation eliminated preexcitation and delta wave in
the patient with W-P-W syndrome. In the isopotential and
isointegral maps the pathological negativity focus disappeared.
The progress of ventricular activation was normal.
The AV junctional tachycardia changed to sinus rhythm. The
patient is without paroxysms. The pathological atrial activation
disappeared.
Conclusions: ECG-mapping is useful method for localization of the
accesory pathway in W-P-W syndrome which represents the basis for
invasive electrophysiological examination. ECG maps of atrial
depolarization allow to detect the start point of excitation and
the spread of activation through the atrial myocardium. The body
surface maps allow the evaluation of therapeutical results. (Tab.
2, Fig. 5, Ref. 16.)
Key words: radiofrequency ablation; W-P-W syndrome; AV
tachycardia; alectrocardiography; body surface of isopotential
maps; therapy monitoring.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Ustav patologickej fyziologie LFUK v Bratislave, Ustav
kardiovaskularnych chorob v Bratislave, 3. Medizinische Abteilung
mit Kardiologie Wilhelminenspital vo Viedni a Ustav teorie
merania SAV v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: Doc. MUDr. Marian Bernadic, CSc.,
LFUK, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.

INFLUENCE OF PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES ON THE ACCURACY
OF SURGICAL PROCEDURE ON THE THYROID
KOTHAJ, P., LACA, L., PELIKAN, A., VESELY, F.

The study compares three diagnostic procedures, the analysis of
which is aimed at achoosing the optimal extent of resection on
the thyroid. Diagnostic procedures, when based on clinical
examination (palpation, scintigraphy, laryngoscopy, X-ray), lead
to the optimal extent of resection in 74,2 % of patients.
Procedurs selection performed on the basis of fine-needle
aspiration cytology (FNAC) results lead to the correct extent of
resection in 93,1 % of patients. The procedures of frozen section
lead to the correct resection extent in 81,3 % of patients. (Tab.
1, Fig. 1, Ref. 25.)
Key words: thyroid gland; diagnosis; surgical treatment.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Chirurgicka klinika, Nemocnica F.D. Roosevelta v Banskej Bystrici
Address for correspondence: MUDr. Peter Kothaj, CSc., Chirurgicka
klinika NsP F.D. Roosevelta, 975 17 Banska Bystrica.

ANTIOXIDANT DEFENCE SYSTEMS AND TRACE ELEMENTS
MAGALOVA, T.

The survey presents current knowledge on antioxidant defence
systems and on the role and meaning of trace elements in these
systems. From this point of view the most important elements
include transient metal iron and copper, and there after
selenium, zinc and manganese. They represent are essential
components of antioxidant enzymes or transport which participate
in intermediation of antioxidant reactions of ceruloplasmin, SOD,
GSPx, and catalase. Both deficiency, and in some cases also
excess of mentioned trace elements may contribute to oxidative
stress. (Tab. 3, Fig. 3, Ref. 27.)
Key words: antioxidant defence systems; trace elements;
superoxide dismutase; ceruloplasmin; glutathion peroxidase.
Bratisl Lek Listy 1994; 95:

Vyskumny ustav vyzivy v Bratislave
Address for correspondence: RNDr. Tatiana Magalova, Vyskumny
ustav vyzivy, Limbova 14, 833 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.