Electronic Library of Scientific Literature
Electronic Library of Scientific Literature
Volume 58 / No. 06 / 2003
PAPERS
REFLECTIONS
REVIEWS
MARIÁN ZOUHAR, Katedra logiky a metodológie vied FiF UK, Bratislava
FILOZOFIA 58, 2003, No 6, p. 363
A logically perfect language must meet following requirements: (i) it must not contain ”empty” expressions designating nothing and (ii) it must not involve phrases that are synonymous, homonymous, etc. According to Frege, the meaning of a compound expression is a function of meanings of its components, i. e. the meaning of an expression consosting of a functional phrase and a name is the value of the function for the argument. However, for some arguments a function need not give values and, hence, some compound phrases designate nothing in spite of the fact that every simple expression does designate something Grege’s construction of a logically perfect language fails because it violates condition (i). According to Wittgenstein, every language is logically perfect; otherwise it could not represent the world. Every expression, simple or compound, does designate something; the meaning of a compound expression consists of meanings of its components; the structure of a complex expression’s meaning mirrors, when completely analysed, the syntactic structure of the expression. Wittgenstein distinguishes between language and notation and we are supposed to look for a logically perfect notation that does not contain homonymy. However, following some ideas from Tractatus, it can be shown that Wittgenstein cannot eliminate these phenomena and, hence, violates condition (ii).
JIŘÍ BYSTŘICKÝ, Fakulta humanitních studií UK, Praha, ČR
FILOZOFIA 58, 2003, No 6, p. 383
There are several links between an image and virtual scene,
due to which the prevailing conception of the fact of representation (or, as
Wittgenstein puts it, the state of thing in the regime of visibility) is
changing. The paper focuses on one of these links, namely on the relation
between the tele-technological production and the principle of representation.
In Flusser's approach there are two kinds of images: traditional and technical
ones. The fundamental difference between them is that technical images are
rooted in some scientific theory and made by devices. From this it follows, that
these images only apparently refer to real territory of representation, as their
technologies are based on a new system of ordering items for the field of
visibility: they create a new continuum of items as substitutions for real
things, employing the principle of linear reading and connecting data. In
construing objects in the field of visibility devices refer only to virtual
scene, thus restaging the real. It is a scene, which transfers the objects of
the real into a regime, in which all visible is a result of unrepresented system
of operations and their theories.
ZUZANA PALOVIČOVÁ, Filozofický ústav SAV, Bratislava
FILOZOFIA 58, 2003, No 6, p. 396
In the last decades the ethics of virtue became the central issue of ethical research. This leads to the question, whether the ethics of virtue is an alternative or a complementary theory to the deontological ethics. The question then is, whether the ethics of virtue can be fully independent of moral rules and which of the issues of the ethics of virtue can not, due to their specific character, be resolved in the frame of deontological ethics. The attention is paid to the vigorous aspects as well as to the blind spots of this theory. The deontological approaches and the approaches based on virtue are seen by the author as two different, limited, partially overlapping, but mutually independent ethical perspectives. For her the discussions about whether these ethical systems are alternative or complementary are the discussions concerning the grounds of ethics.
VASIL GLUCHMAN, Katedra filozofie FF PU, Preąov
FILOZOFIA 58, 2003, No 6, p. 409
The author focuses on the question, whether from moral point of view our age, compared with past ages, is better or worse. In seeking the answer to this question he analyzes the work of Honoré de Balsac, who in his literary works depicted French morals, especially that of Paris society, in the first half of the 19. century. He considers his work not only as literary fiction, but also as a remarkable contribution to descriptive ethics, as it meets the requirments on this type of ethical theory. In the author's view Balsac picked out the fundamental tendencies of human behavior, regardless the time and place. His characteristics are still valid, even in our society. From this analysis the author comes to conclusion, that there is no substantial difference, as far as the existence of important moral issues, between past and present.
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