Electronic Library of
Scientific Literature Electronic Library of
Scientific Literature
Volume 42 / No. 3/ 1999
MARTIN URMANIČ
pp. 181-182
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VLADIMÍR HOLINA
Kľúčové slová: systém PMK – zmena – medzníky vývoja – politický systém – legislatíva – ekonomické podmienky – publikum PMK – mediálne konflikty
Changes in Media Situation in Slovakia Since 1989 – II.
Keywords: media system – change – milestones in the development – political system – legislation – economic conditions – media audiences – media conflicts
Analysing political, legislative and institutional changes in relation to the media, this study focuses on the Slovak media system’ s changes since 1989. The year 1989 is considered the starting point of establishing a new, democratic and pluralistic media system. When the Slovak Republic was established in 1993, conditions for completing the Slovak media system were created. The author considers these processes as controversial and conflicting but – in their main direction – as positive and irreversible. As for the press, the number of the published press titles increased three times, the new subsystems of advertising and erotic press came to being, and the regional and local press expanded considerably. Content and graphic of newspapers achieved higher standards, size of newspapers and magazines increased. Average circulation of newspapers, especially dailies, decreased while their cover price went up. Unlike to magazines, newspapers lost a considerable part of their readers. A dual broadcasting system was established. New media, mainly cable television, became popular with the public.
Changes in the Slovak media system were accompanied with misunderstandings and conflicts with political power. The media found fault with unequal access to government information, bad economic conditions, lack of independence of the public media and so on. After general elections in September 1998, conditions for better relations between political power and the media were established.
pp. 183-189
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LÍVIA PETRÁNSKA
Kľúčové slová: systém periodickej tlače – vývoj – typologická štruktúra periodík
Periodical Press in Slovakia 1997-1999
Keywords: system of the periodical press – developments – typological structure of periodicals
Since second half of 1997, National Centre for Media Communication uses a new typology of the press. This typology is based on UNESCO press statistics, as well as on previous knowledge of the press system in Slovakia. However, the UNESCO press statistics was not applied automatically but with consideration for contemporary print media structure in Slovakia.
The data in tables 1-6 describes the development of the number of press titles in 1989-1999, total and average circulation of all titles in 1997-1999 and other trends. The data shows a considerable increase in the sector of the regional and local press, which may be seen as a confirmation of the world press trends. For example, in 1997-1999 the regional press was the most developing category of the press. The total circulation of magazines rose to 2 476 900 copies which means increase by 67,1% in two years. At the same times, the number of magazines rose by 10 % and their average circulation more than by 50 %. In 1989-1999, the number of dailies almost doubled but their total circulation dropped by 23,4 % and their average circulation even by 58 %. Changes in ownership of publishing houses brought new conceptions and new newspapers and magazines as well.
pp. 189-195
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FRANTIŠEK ŠINKA
Kľúčové slová: jazykové problémy – politické sympatie strán – dôveryhodnosť politikov – hierarchia spoločenských problémov – vzájomné vzťahy – integrácia SR
Public and the Media in Multilingual Region of Slovakia – II.
Keywords: multilingual region – specific media behaviour – technical conditions of communication – personal predisposition of communication – electronic media – news – daily press – topical social and political issues
This study presents the basic results of sociological survey conducted in 12 districts in Southern Slovakia. Here, the proportion of Hungarian people reaches 25 percent. The survey studied relations of the public to the media in order to reveal possibilities of and conditions for enlarging communication capacity of the people, which may be considered as the natural basis of their social integration. The second part of the survey was devoted to the topical social and political issues. Specificity of the examined object (citizens of this region) was that media behaviour of the people is determined by the impact of two cultures as well as by an enlarged media offer. Therefore, bilinguality seems to be an advantage that opens a strong possibility to communicate, to choose and to receive media products.
Today, TV Markíza is the most frequently watched TV station in Southern Slovakia. Nearly 57% of the population in this region watch TV Markíza daily. It seems that the former “cool” relation of Hungarian people to the Slovak media was not a result of general lack of interest but – more probably – a result of their attitudes to the political, programming and genre profile of these media. Not surprisingly, the interest of the people turned to other (in this case to Hungarian) media.
In media communication, an important role is played by language barrier too. It is interesting that Hungarians in Southern Slovakia prefer so-called light entertainment (series, music and game shows, films) in the broadcasting of Hungarian TV stations. On the contrary, more and more Hungarians in Southern Slovakia watch news, current affairs and talk shows in the Slovak television programmes.
Many private (regional and local) Slovak and Hungarian radio stations undermined formerly excellent position of the Slovak Radio. Nevertheless, 27% of Hungarians in Southern Slovakia listen to the Slovak and 24,5% to the Hungarian broadcast of the Slovak Radio. However, most of the Slovak Hungarians remain regular listeners to the Hungarian radio stations (40,2% listen to them daily and 64,4% regularly).
Two most popular dailies in this region – Nový čas and Új Szó – have strengthened their position from 1995. Daily reading of Nový čas increased from 33,2% to 38,1% and daily reading of Új Szó increased from 56% to 63,9%.
In the second part, the study presents opinions of the citizens in Southern Slovakia on some social and political topics: necessity to understand Slovak language, ways to achieve this ability, bilingual certificates for the students at bilingual schools, feelings to political parties, credibility of politicians, hierarchy of social problems, relationships of the Slovaks and Hungarians in Southern Slovakia, as well as entry of the Slovak republic to the European Union and NATO. The survey showed that public opinion in this region varies with nationality and that we can speak about specific “Slovak” and “Hungarian” public opinion. According to the author of the study, this polarisation may be eliminated by more active participation of the Hungarian minority and its political representation in administration of public affairs. This view is supported by the fact that more than 90 per cent of Hungarian agree with participation of it political representation in the new Slovak government.
pp. 196-208
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DMITRIJ STROVSKIJ
Information in the Press: Its Specific Influence on the Public Opinion
(Experiences of Russian and British Journalism)
This study summarises findings of the comparative analysis of information in the Russian and British press, as well as formulates criteria and limits of objectiveness of the news. In its core, the study analyses factors that determine how objective the media inform the public. Among these factors, the author accentuates particularly standards of legislative regulation of public information, by ownership determined political orientation of the media, and typological peculiarities of the press. Following the content analysis of the British dailies Times and Guardian, the author illustrates their positions and political marking of their news. Taking the Russian quality and tabloid press as an example, the author discloses how the feature of their information impact objectiveness of the news.
Describing the basic changes in the content and typology of the Russian press during “perestrojka” and, particularly, in the early 1990s, the author conclude that the Russian press moves to the basic attributes of the British and all the Western journalism. At the same time, a considerable part of the Russian readership are not prepared psychologically to accept the new approaches in publishing information and conflicts between newspapers content and traditional principles of their life.
pp. 209-214
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Z výskumov
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Recenzie a referáty
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Zo zahraničia
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Heslár mediálnej komunikácie
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